Exploration Of Organizational Memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exploration Of Organizational Memory - Essay Example The auditing procedures were universally recognized thus rendering the list to be scientifically acceptable. The memory carriers where then revised and incorporated into a more updated quality standard practice to enhance in-company quality competition. The whole research team worked together with the company management and two research members who actually conducted interviews with twenty-eight employees to establish changes in organizational memory which were measured in two stages. A proposal of a longitudinal study using an independent group and complex design experiment to conduct a single case design is used for the Dutch electronics firm using data analysis and interpretation that is both quantitative, and qualitative (Van Der Bent et. al.). Determination of whether organizational learning took place at this company was methodized as follows: (a) a qualitative report of a couple of change strategies were identified and analyzed in order to observe changes; (b) a quantitative across-the-board access was secured allowing observation and effective documentation of cases; (c) specific memory carriers or vehicles are listed to create procedures which are measured to detect and develop variations; (d) a measuring tool is devised to establish different forms of learning, unlearning, and non-learning. The first stage (1982-1986) was composed of an in-depth case study where one research member was a participant observer from the beginning to completion of the qualit y change process. The second stage revisited the original 1980s change process and lasted another two years for a total of eight years of research. The last two years involved qualitative research in which members of the organization were questioned about their learning and memory related to change. The measures of change where accomplished using tools that measured periods of time-related to the rules, culture, system, and structure of the organization.

Philosophy paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophy paper - Essay Example Their affiliation determines who they like and don't like. If Euthyphro says "What is dear to the gods is pious, what is not is impious" then it would be proven illogical in Socrates' counter argument that Athena and Ares consider the same group of people both pious and impious. These qualities should be universal but they are not. This is the principle of Euthyphro's Dilemma.(Round 3) The gods can agree and be universal in their choices. Definition Round 3 : "the pious is what all gods love.. and what all the gods hate, is the impious†¦" Socrates gives strenuous opposition because the answer is not straight forward. "Is the pious being loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is being loved by the gods?" Euthyphro agrees that it cannot be answered universally. The gods love some things because they are pious or good. This shows that that the god- loved and pious have to be different. The idea of right and wrong have to have an intrinsic anchor. Socrates goes ahead an explains cause and effect. Euthyphro's arguments cannot only be based on the same laws of the physical universe. He based his laws of piety on the same laws of the physical universe. The laws of piety are not rules and regulations which can been governed by gods or bodies of government. The best answer accepted by both Socrates and Euthyphro is to question one because the pious can be immaterial grammatically as it can be a person or an animal. The moment gods like it the "thing becomes pious. The Euthyphro Dilemma is presented by Socrates as showing that pious cannot be grammatically defined as it was done in ancient Greek. 2)If the Universe is like a watch the universe represents a complex organism of parts which function together . Paley never develops the analogy but compares the universe to a rock in the woods and a watch. He uses this comparison to develop his version of the Design argument which is later refuted by Hume's counter arguments. He knows that a rock would not be easily accepted as having a Designer as a creator. Using the watch as an analogy to the comparison to the world assumes that there is a designer to the universe who must be God. Functionality assumes a designer which assumes the existence of God. The watch analogy shows the complexity of natural order and thus an existence of a creator. The natural events in life cannot be contributed to happenstance. Yes a watch has problems as does nature. A watch has a maker though you don't see him. You cannot see the inner workings of the watch though they exist. They have been put together as the universe was put together. They were designed before they were created. The universe functions because of the work of the presence of an omnipotent designer. Even though the watch can have problems in working properly, it was designed in its inception. A perfect example would be the climatic problems we are having in the world. The weather system was designed but it is not working as it s hould. If the watch is missing a battery or needs to be taken to a watch maker because it is no longer keeping proper time, these are two conditions we would not be able to fix because of our lack of understanding. This does not assume that there was not a designer. The casing of the watch as well as all other items in the world have structure, otherwise there would be total chaos. The watch would not be able to hold together its parts. He uses a deductive argument if noticeable things were

Cross-Cultural Differences Essay Example for Free

Cross-Cultural Differences Essay A central core in any cultural are its values. Values are independent standards where it is determined the differences of right and wrong, good and bad objectives. There are usually some shared values among all cultures; the contrast is the account of different perceptions between different cultures. Asian values have shown to be inter-related in that they view the individual belonging to a larger group or extended family with an expected well being of the group as a whole. To contrast this against American values of the self is that there is a personal expected importance of well being on the individual, emphasizing independence and self-initiative. Education seems to share a common aspect but there are some differential ideals between American and Asian values. Within the Asian culture their family core interactions being the fuel to move them through their individual life practices uses parenting as a fundamental aspect in pushing their children to work harder in their education; even overachieve. However, Americans might consider Asian parents to be overly dominating; there is an in-turn on exceptive goal that parent support their children as they can. Americans do see education as a key to social mobility and economic opportunity. Asians use education as a movement though family structures more profitable than the use of societal roles. Asian values can also be seen with strong dictation for their consideration of others; with benevolence and obligation that must be present to enforce relationships. Asian societies have a history to be hierarchical, in contrast to the American culture where there is a form of equality to an extent between teacher and student, peer to peer, and family members among themselves. The hierarchical relationships in Asian culture involve a lot of obligation that could be seen as domination with the expectation of responsibility and benevolence in return. Example being children in Asian culture obligated to follow guidelines set by their parents in a strict fashion at the expense of their own independence yet their parents with the returning expectation to raise support and educate them far in excess of what might be sought by American family standards. Reference: Asian-American educational achievements: A phenomenon in search of an explanation. Sue, Stanley; Okazaki, Sumie American Psychologist, Vol 45(8), Aug 1990, 913-920. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.45.8.913 Fuligni, A. J., Tseng, V. and Lam, M. (1999), Attitudes toward Family Obligations among American Adolescents with Asian, Latin American, and European Backgrounds. Child Development.

Contributions of Siddhartha Gautama to Buddhism

Contributions of Siddhartha Gautama to Buddhism Ilinca Stingaciu Siddhartha Gautama, later known as the Buddha, is considered the founder of Buddhist religion. Many buddhist beliefs and teachings are based on the Buddhas discoveries and teachings. One of the most important ways in which the Siddhartha Gautama influenced Buddhism is by actually spreading the religion, and spreading this teachings to people, which drew in followers who continued to further spread buddhism (Alldritt, 2004, p. 25). After reaching enlightenment, Buddha found the answer to suffering, which is also referred to as the dukkha in religious scripts. Based on his realizations, he founded the Four Noble truths of suffering, an important concept in Buddhist teachings. The first of the truths, known as the Truth of suffering, essentially states that everything in life leads to suffering. The second truth, that of where suffering comes from, explains the realization that suffering stems from selfishness and cravings. The third truth teaches of the cessation or elimination of suff ering within ones life, and to let go of all cravings or desires that cause suffering (Gethin, 1998, p. 59).The fourth truth teaches what to do be able to eliminate suffering, essentially teaching followers how to come about attaining nirvana (Gethin, 1998, p. 80). The eightfold path, a common concept and symbol in Buddhism, was also established by the Buddha based on fourth of the Noble truths. This outlines eight concepts on how to live life, which guide a person to end suffering, and find fulfillment (Gethin, 1998, p. 82). Meditation is a key practice within Buddhist religion, one that like many, can be traced back the the Buddha. He taught followers how to meditate in order to separate themselves from their personal thoughts and emotions (Hope Van Loon, 1999, p. 38). He encouraged ideology that enlightenment and meditation is personal, so each person must find their way to enlightenment on their own (Ross, 1980, p. 4). Born into royalty, Siddhartha Gautama was raised in a life of luxury, sheltered from the realities of pain and suffering (Ross, p. 5). After one day going against his Fathers orders to stay within the palace walls, Siddhartha was given a tour of the city, where he learned of the three sufferings (Ross, 1980, p. 6). Outside, the prince saw the realities of illness, aging, and death. Siddhartha was scared of the fate of pain and death which awaited everyone, and no longer saw a purpose in anything after (Hope Van Loon, 1999, p. 13). He found no more value in wealth he had and in the pleasures of life, as he realized that it would all go to waste in the inevitability of suffering and death (Gethin, 1998, p.15). Siddartha wanted to find out how to find happiness, regardless of inevitable suffering (Ross, 1980, p. 6). He isolated himself from everyone, and sat under the Bodhi tree, until he fully understood suffering (Hope Van Loon, p. 19). Further inspiration came after Buddhas enlight enment. After discovering the true meaning of suffering, and how to accept it within ones life, he made it his mission to help others find this awakening, and understand the truth about suffering (Gethin, 1998, p.15). Although Buddha had attained Nirvana, he chose to stay on earth to teach others how to reach enlightenment just as he had. He believed everyone should have equal right be followers and learn the teachings of their religion (Ross, 1980, p. 5). This was his inspiration to spread Buddhist teachings, rather than to keep his awakening to himself (Ross, 1980, pg. 18). He drew in followers who continued to further spread Buddhism (Alldritt, 2004, p. 25), and encouraged followers to question everything he said in order to find a path to enlightenment on their own, in lieu of only following his word (Hope Van Loon, 1999, p. 7). He did not want to be seen as their religious leader, but rather as a teacher on how to reach enlightenment (Ross, 1980, p. 4). `All created things perish, he who knows and sees this becomes passive in pain; this is the way to purity. (The Dhammapada, verse 277). Through this quote are reflected many core buddhist teachings, as many teaching surround the idea of transience, from one life to the next. It exemplifies how in order to reach enlightenment, and to be free of pain and suffering, one must realize what suffering truly is, and why it is present within all life. Buddha saw that suffering stemmed from greed and desire. This belief was outlined through the second of the Four Noble truths, realizing where suffering comes from. He believed that in order to end suffering, one must give up materialistic and selfish desires The quote can be translated back into the ideology of the Four Noble truths, as these truths outline the meaning of suffering within ones life, truths that must be realized in order to find enlightenment (Gethin, 1998, p. 59). The quote alludes to the need for this clarity and knowledge of suffering to achieve enlightenment. One of the many teachings of the Buddha are the three Marks of Existence. The first is dukkha, which is suffering. The second is the teaching of impermanence known as anitya, stating that nothing lasts, as everything is a transition into something else. The third, anatman teaches to be selfless, in the sense that a person does not live forever, so nothing considered to be part of ones personality will live on. Analyzing these teachings, they can be related to the idea set out in the quote, that of continuity and the inevitability of dukkha, or suffering. Out of these, the anitya, the second teaching, provides the clearest link to the meaning of the quote.ÂÂ   Anitya teaches that nothing lasts forever, just as the quote states that everything ends and this must be realized, which are in part done by understanding the Three Marks (Alldritt, 2004, p. 24). References Alldritt, L. (2004, October). Buddhism. Retrieved from ebooks.infobaselearning.com/View.asp x?ISBN=9781438106380InstID=7469 The Dhammapada, (n.d.). Full books. Retrieved from www.fullbooks.com/The-Dhammapada. html Gethin, R. (1998). The Foundations of Buddhism. Retrieved from search.ebscohost.com/logi n.aspx?direct=truedb=nlebkAN=12334site=ehost-liveebv=EBppid=pp_59 Hope, J. Van Loon, B. (1999). Introducing Buddha. Cambridge, UK: Icon Books. Ross, N. (1980). Buddhism: A Way of Life and Thought. Location:Vintage Books.

Arab League Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Arab League.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Arab League is a regional organization that was founded on March 22, 1945. The league’s function is to promote political cooperation among it’s member states, and to deal with disputes or any breaches of peace in the region. The league’s official name is the League of Arab States. The founding members of the league are: Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, and Yemen. Membership in the League was later extended to Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Somalia, Southern Yemen, Sudan, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates. The headquarters of the League is located in Cairo, and it is run by a secretary general which is appointed by the league members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The work of any international organization which attempts to promote peace, and political cooperation is usually confronted by several failures. However, in the case of the Arab League it has been evident that it is unable to sustain the peace within the region or aid in any political cooperation between the member states. The Gulf War could be said to be a test to the power of the Arab League and it’s presumed cooperation and handling problems strategies. The war started off by the invasion of Kuwait by it’s neighbor Iraq, both are member states in the A...

Pride And Prejudice :: essays research papers

Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen is a novel that goes into great detail discussing the reasons for marriage. Marriage in the 1800's, when this novel took place, was very different from conventional marriages today. In that period in time, reasons for marriages were wealth, convenience, and most uncommonly, love. The first of these reasons is the subject of wealth. The opening sentence of Pride and Prejudice states, "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife." In the 19th century, women usually only wanted to marry men if they were rich. This was the guys' way of getting a wife, if they were fortunate enough. As Mrs. Bennet says, "If I can see one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield†¦and the others equally married, I shall have nothing to wish for." One easily realizes how obsessed Mrs. Bennet is with having rich son-in-laws. All that matters to her is having her daughters married to wealthy men. This one concern was not scarce in the era. The second of the three reasons is convenience. Charlotte Lucas says it best: "I only ask a comfortable home; and considering Mr. Collins character, connections, and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can boast†¦" Collins isn't wealthy, but all that Charlotte wants, he can give her. This marriage is by far the most convenient of the novel. Another great example of a marriage of convenience is Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. This convenient marriage is not as easily seen, though one notices how formal they are with each other. Mr. and Mrs. Bennet don't seem to like each other at all. This seems to be very far from Jane Austen's view of marriage, though. The third reason for marriage is love. Although a marriage brought about by love was very uncommon at this time, Jane Austen believed it was the only true reason. Elizabeth Bennet was Jane Austen's "mouthpiece" regarding this. Austen showed her new fangled views of marriage though the character of Lizzie. A prime example of marrying for the reason of love is Jane and Mr. Bingley. These two characters were attracted to each other from the very beginning, and are the only characters in the novel that truly married out of a devout love for each other.

Marketing Framework

What Is It? Marketing Framework Market Research and Buyer Behaviour Understanding the behaviour of buyers in your target group is crucial in marketing. Now more than ever, success is dependant upon market research and identifying and meeting customer needs at a profit. ‘Zara' have recently become the world's largest clothing retailer, ‘by focusing on understanding consumer needs and behaviour and by providing value to the customer'. Through intense market research, they developed an important knowledge of their target market's buying patterns and recognised the need to constantly update their styles.Furthermore they understood new concepts such as fast fashion' and ‘disposable clothing, the idea that teenagers and young adults craved new styles quickly and cheaply. It is now more important than ever for marketing managers to respond swiftly and decisively to changes in consumer patterns. Nowadays, an excellent method a company can monitor their target market and con duct extensive market research is through social media. Never before have enterprises had such powerful technologies to interact with customers.Almost every company has their own ‘Facebook or ‘Twitter' account (combined with ver one billion active Facebook users globally), where they can receive immediate customer feedback about the faults in their product online. Furthermore, customers can chat online about these products. 53 percent of people on Twitter in Ireland recommend companies and/or products in their tweets'(ROl Research for Performance, June 2010). ‘Calgon' dishwasher tablets recently produced an advertisement for television, where two women chat in an online forum about their dishwashers.The first woman complains about her dishwasher, while the other recommends she starts using ‘Calgon' tablets. Calgon certainly demonstrate their nderstanding of the importance of Word of mouth'; recent statistics show that 84 percent of customers trust peers over advertisments. Social media is both an opportunity and a challenge for businesses. Consumers used to have to go looking for the product, but now the product will find us, with excess information hurled at us from every direction! We don't have a choice on whether we do social media, the question is how well we do it. There are many other concepts which are particularly noteworthy when developing a successful marketing strategy. Marketing managers must take into account the ountless amount of factors that influence consumer patterns and buyer behaviour, trom gender and age, to social and economic backgroun s c ae O'Leary, CEO ot Ryanair, flourished in recognising an untouched market segment of consumers looking for low quality air travel at exceptionally low prices by comparison to the likes of Aer Lingus.He understood that people on lower incomes neither needed nor wanted to pay high prices for comfort, such as more leg room and nice meals on flights. This has become even more evide nt since the recession, with Ryanair climbing above high fair competitors. O'Learys market strategy succeeded because of is insight and understanding he had of the buyer behaviour of his target group. Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Marketers developed the processes of segmentation, marketing and positioning so that they could understand their customers and their buying behavior. Segmentation is the first step in this process of product promotion.The goal of market segmentation is finding out where the firm should compete and in what segments should they focus that will result in a comparative advantage. Segmentation leads to comparative advantages in a number of ways. Firstly, it reduces rivalry due to reduced competition in any given segment. It allows for efficient resource allocation as resources can be effectively focused on concentrated targets. Finally it can allow a firm no matter what size to become the product of choice in the given segment. Target marketing is at its most basic level is when a firm directs its marketing message at a specific market or segment.It means that a group of customer has been chosen to whom the firm will direct most of their marketing resources, times and attention. Target marketing means that firms avoid wasting resources and time by giving the consumer what they need or want rather than making a product that the irm believes the consumer needs or wants. Finally positioning, which requires the firm to establish the brand in the minds of the consumers in order to maximize the potential benefit. Businesses use positioning analysis to understand how their target customers see their product and to see where they are in relation to their competitors.All three of these components must be completed correctly or else the whole marketing campaign will be destined for failure. Branding Branding plays a major part in the marketing world. Branding exists so as to differentiate a company's product or service from that of its om petitors. It performs many roles both for the consumer and for the business. In relation to the consumer ,brands allow the consumer to shop with a reduced level of risk due to familiarity with the quality of each brand and this also would lead to a reduction in time spent shopping.Concerning businesses, branding performs a lot of valuable functions. The main function, is brand loyalty as this leads to predictability and security of demand, increased security against competitors and can allow the businesses to charge higher prices. Other roles it plays are, that it offers legal rotection due to trademarks and it can give the business a comparative edge . Companies use brand to install an image in the consumer's head when they hear of ything associated witn that brand. To make sure this is a success they must match all the elements of marketing, such as pricing policy, distribution methods etc. to the image that this wish to create. 7 P's Of Marketing An essential element of the marke ting strategy is the marketing mix. Comprising of product, price, place, promotion, process, people and physical evidence, it allows enterprises to deliver value in conjunction with satisfying consumer needs. Firstly, the product is some good or service that a company offers in the market.. A product satisfies a customers' want or need, and to what degree depends on the quality of the product which is usually quite subjective.Price is the next P and it denotes the monetary value a good is exchanged for. Price plays a major part in the decision making process of consumers. High prices, usually convey a luxurious consumption experience contrasted to affordable low prices offering basic products. Enterprises communicate their products to their target market through adopting and implementing a promotional strategy. Promotional activities seek to inform, persuade and influence the target market. Strategies include; branding, personal selling and advertising.Following on, place is the loc ation of the transaction between the consumer and business, ultimately it is the accessibility of the product to the consumer. There are various channels of distribution both direct and indirect an enterprise may adopt, in order ensure its product reaches the consumer. During the provision of a service, it is the people or staff who exert a major influence as to the outcome of the consumer experience. Therefore, staff must be adequately trained nd equipped with the necessary skills, approach and attitudes in order to achieve the desired outcome an enterprise strives towards.The process an enterprise implements is the way in which business is conducted within an organisation and is seen through the flow of activities. For example, customer-cultivating companies are designed to serve customers and customer segments, this is one part of a potential business process, as seen in the Zara fashion retail example. Finally, physical evidence is how a business presents itself to its target ma rket. It is the outward appearance of the organization and creates an impression on the consumer.