Beers and Cutler Company

The Beers and Cutler Company provides accounting and consulting services for other organizations, institutions, or other clients that might require their services. (â€Å"Firm Profile,† 2008) The company primarily acts as an accounting firm, but other tasks and roles carried out by Beers and Cutler include tax and auditing, and even major business-related operations and processes such as strategic planning and consultancy for other business processes.(â€Å"Industry Profile: Accounting Services,† 2008) However, the latter aforementioned services provided by Beers and Cutler are only available in Washington, D. C. (Sarath, 2008) The company has been around since 1967 operating primarily for the real estate industry. However, the aim of Beers and Cutler company to expand and add value to the its reputation, image, and capabilities motivated it to venture into new fields and areas and implement a wider range of services that are highly beneficial to most organizations or i nstitutions.At the moment, Beers and Cutler is able to cover the needs and demands of various fields such as the â€Å"automotive, construction, hospitality, retail and technology† (Sarath, 2008) industries. To further its capabilities and advantages, Beers and Cutler have become a member of The Baker Tilly International which facilitates communication, networking, sharing or resources, and such between accounting firms and business organizations around the world. (Sarath, 2008)Beers and Cutler considers the fulfillment of various goals and objectives in diverse and multiple organizations as the company’s mission. The company aims to accomplish this mission by helping business organizations achieve their corporate goals and objectives by providing aforementioned services timely and efficiently. (â€Å"Firm & Profile,† 2008) Moreover, the employment of highly knowledgeable, skilled, and competent individuals is one of the company’s strategies in gaining co mpetitive advantage.Career opportunities made available by the company include job openings for students, fresh graduates, as well as experienced professionals. For students, the company is searching for individuals who might fit jobs under the fields of Assurance and Tax, and Consulting. (â€Å"College Recruiting,† 2008) For experienced professionals, Beers and Cutler is looking for individuals that might fulfill roles under the areas of Assurance and Tax, Consulting Practice, and Practice Administration and Support. (â€Å"Experienced Professionals,† 2008)For the good of its employees and members, Beers and Cutler offers reasonable salary packages and benefits. Reviewing available career opportunities that the company is offering, the salary packages that Beers and Cutler are offering range from $60,000 to $150,000 annually. However, as the total amount of the salary package increases, the number of needed individuals or employees decreases. For instance, the career opportunity that pays $150,000 a year only offers one single slot for the said position. (â€Å"Beers Cutler Jobs in Washington, D. C. ,† 2008)On the other hand, the benefits provided by the company to its employees are competitive enough, fostering full compensation for the contributions of its constituents. For instance, individuals who get hired for a position in the company are provided with the benefit of a four-week break or vacation from work, with payment. This generous package for employees is motivated by the company’s sensitivity to providing a well-balanced working environment for its members in order to foster creativity, productivity, and high quality work outputs. (â€Å"Microsoft Web Developers: BEERS and CUTLERS,† 2008)Basically, the marketing plan of Beers and Cutler follows the concept of direct-to-person marketing or personal contact with clients or consumers. The firm utilizes means or tools of marketing that communicate directly to end user s or individuals. Beers and Cutler utilize direct mailing systems to send informational messages to individuals, seminars to capture the attention of a large audience at the same time, and personal referrals or word of mouth. (â€Å"Industry Profile: Accounting Services,† 2008) References â€Å"Beers Cutler Jobs in Washington, D. C. † (2008).Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Indeed. Website: http://www. indeed. com/q-Beers-+-Cutler-l-Washington,-DC-jobs. html â€Å"College Recruiting. † (2008). Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Beers and Cutler PLLC. Website: http://www. beersandcutler. com/careers/college-recent-graduates/opportunities/ â€Å"Experienced Professionals. † (2008). Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Beers and Cutler PLLC. Website: http://www. beersandcutler. com/careers/experienced/opportunities/ â€Å"Firm Profile. † (2008). Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Beers and Cutler PLLC. Website: http://www.beersandcutler. com/firm/profile/ â€Å"Industry Profile: Accounting Services. † (2008). Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Hoover’s Inc. Website: http://premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/ind/fr/profile/basic. xhtml? ID=74 â€Å"Microsoft Web Developers: BEERS and CUTLERS. † (2008). Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Yahoo! Inc. Website: http://hotjobs. yahoo. com/job-J7ZN5I1Q0Y8? rec=2 Sarath, P. (2008). Beers and Cutler PLLC. Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Hoover’s Inc. Website: http://premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/co/factsheet. xhtml? ID=rysfhtfshyhhhyy

John Donne

Ideas and themes change according to the different times and the historical, social, cultural and personal context of the time they are written In, with the texts either reflecting or contrasting the Ideas of that time. Death and mortality and the spiritual and emotional connections are themes that have evolved over time due to the different contexts. These themes are thematically central to John Donna's poetry written In the 17th century and Margaret Dose's 20th century play W;t. During the 1 7th Century, religion, especially Christianity, permeated all aspects of society.Donna's Death be not proud and Hymen to God my God, in my Sickness reflect his Christian belief that the material body was a temporary vessel for the soul's Journey and hence death was not something to be feared. In his Holy Sonnet, Death be not proud, Done patronizes death, and attempts to dispel the fears associated with death, reflecting the influence of his personal and historical contexts on his poetry. Donna' s immediate use of the imperative, ‘Death be not proud, though some have called thee mighty and dreadfully, for, thou art not see', belittles the existence of death by creating a condescending tone.Moreover by personifying death and then directly addressing It, Done demeans death's power saying that Its nothing but an end result to fate and chance. To further correctly death, Done uses a metaphor to equate death to rest and sleep', robbing It of Its power. In contrast, Dose's W;t portrays a society in which the concept of a universal religion no longer exists, instead science was the savior. As a result death is seen as the final and absolute end in a context influenced by the existential fear of mortality and death which was prominent in late 20th century society.Dose's main character Viand's constant attachment to the IV pole symbolizes the modern medical science world. Vivian describes herself as, ‘Just the specimen, Just the dust Jacket, Just the white piece of paper '. The repetition of ‘Just the' and the objectification of Vivian through those descriptions reflect that life and body are viewed scientifically, as an observable phenomenon, capable of study. Academia and science are hence represented as having Increasing Importance, thus creating an environment where mortality is increasingly feared.In Hymen to God my God, in my Sickness the Hessians who attend to the speaker, much like the Code Team who attend to Vivian, are concerned with merely the material body. Done uses an extended conceit to compare the dying speaker to a map, suggesting that â€Å"west and east in all flat maps are one† highlighting that West' where the sun sets, is in reality connected to the â€Å"Resurrection† in the east, where the sun rises. He questions the reality of death using a rhetorical questions; â€Å"what shall my west hurt me? † showing his clear confidence in life after death.In a similar manner, the concluding scenes off;t epic a resemblance to the notion put forward by Done, where theatrically ‘a frenzy takes over' as the Code Team attempt to resuscitate Vivian, perceiving the survival of her physical body as the most important task. This flurried obsession with her material body Is Juxtaposed with Viand's ‘slow and graceful' walk towards ‘a little light' showing her acceptance that death is â€Å"nothing but a breath – a comma – separates the shedding of her material fears, Vivian embodies Donna's interpretation of death in this is my plays last scene when he walks away from his soul, leaving his sins Enid.The 17th Century Renaissance era placed greater importance on the human need for spiritual and emotional connections than the late 20th Century did. This notion is supported in Donna's A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning in which emotional connections are all encompassing and contain a spiritual element. Here the speaker puts forward the idea that their love is beyond t he scientifically rational and can withstand physical separation through the use of scientific imagery such as, trepidation of the spheres†¦ Is innocent'.Furthermore Done uses a metaphysical enceinte by portraying the idealized love between the two as a compass, with the lovers representing the two end points. The speaker's faith in the spiritual connection between the lovers is revealed as he believes that their emotional connection cannot be weakened by the metaphoric separation of the endpoint of the compass, When the other far doth Rome, It leans, and hearkens after it'. Alternatively, W;t portrays a society, whose individuals through scholarship and intellect, can become increasingly isolated and as a result lack emotional and spiritual connections.The medical professionals, Jason and Kelvin, repeatedly voice empty platitudes such as ‘how are you feeling today? In a procedure known as a clinical. The clinical, which is supposed to establish a connection between docto r and patient, has essentially become a meaningless ritual, representing the lack of concern for emotional and spiritual connection in the late 20th century. Thus, through John Donna's poetry, written in the 17th Century and Margaret Dose's 20th Century play W;t, we are able to see how texts written in different time and context can either reflect or contrast the ideas of that time.

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Capital Punishment - Essay Example For instance, during the execution of Angel Diaz, via lethal injections, the time taken for him to die, proved to be twice the time that such death was expected to take. Furthermore, some of the witnesses present at the execution were of the opinion that Diaz underwent a significant amount of suffering during the process. Another disquieting feature of this execution was that the medical examiner categorically stated that the lethal injections had not been administered properly (Execution Rules Still Inhumane , 2007). Subsequently, it came to light that these injections had not been administered by a medically trained professional. This execution, which took place in Florida, was effected by injecting a mixture of 3 chemicals. This combination produces extreme pain, which the hapless condemned prisoner cannot express, due to the diabolical inclusion of a paralyzing agent, which constitutes one of these chemicals (Word, 2006). The Floridian authorities have exhibited a total disregard towards rendering executions humane. This was tellingly brought home, by the fact that these authorities ignored the recommendations of a commission appointed by the governor of Florida, which called for the appointment of adequately qualified personnel to carry out the executions, via lethal injections (Execution Rules Still Inhumane , 2007). The Floridian state legislature showed a belated and half – hearted response to the fiasco that was the Diaz execution, by declaring a moratorium on executions. Thereafter, a hearing was conducted into the manner, in which lethal injections were administered to the condemned (Florida Mulls Lethal-Injection Problems, 2007). Capital punishment involves high expenditure. In the US, 36 of the 50 states employ the death penalty against some of their criminals. There is much that is distressing and paradoxical with the US in this regard. It had recently come to light that putting a person to death, in

Eastern Food Restaurant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Eastern Food Restaurant - Essay Example To meet this goal, the company, will consider the quality, generosity, understanding, and fairness between vendors, customers, staff, and management, the impact that the business choices and practices will portend on the environment the restaurant will be situated in, and the product’s effects on the well-being and health of the staff and customers. Being aware of the responsible actions and these factors that the result should give a sense of meaning and effort that go far beyond the goals of basic financial obligations. Development and Status The company Eastern Foods was incorporated in the year 1992 in November and certified. The company’s founders are Kenneth O, Donahue and Martha Lee. Martha is the company President while Kenneth is the company’s Vice President. The company has issued common stocks of over 10,000 shares with both Kenneth and Martha owning 2,500 shares each. The remainder of the stocks have been retained by the company for distribution in th e future. Kenneth and Lee have loaned ?30,000 from their own funds to aid in start up costs and research for the restaurant. Eastern Food Restaurant’s found a suitable site for its UK based restaurant two months ago and negotiations on the lease period were recently completed, with the deal being in its final stages of completion. The restaurant’s location will be on 134-136 Wardour Street, which is adjacent to a densely populated area of the market that the restaurant will target. After the signing of the lease agreement, the company will have four months to construct the restaurant without any rent charged, this period being the one where the start-up fund balance should be raised. On the completion of this phase, Eastern Food Restaurant would be opened with the project’s operation phase set to begin. Future Plans Should the restaurant meet, by the tenth month, a majority of its projections, the company will begin to look for another location, to develop anoth er restaurant, and start planning procedures for another restaurant. The company’s five-year goal is ownership of four restaurants in the greater London area whose annual combined profit the company expects to be in the range of ?20,000 and ?700,000. Industry Analysis The restaurant industry business is quite competitive, with lifestyle changes that have been created by modern culture fuelling the industry’s steady growth continuously. Increasingly more people possess less cooking ability, resources, and time. The importance of trends cannot be overstated, and Eastern Food restaurant UK aims to be well positioned for this interest in healthier and lighter foods going for moderate to low prices. The Restaurant Industry as it is today The service of food is the fourth biggest industry in the UK. The industry accounts for approximately $200 billion each year in sales. Independent restaurants account for approximately 20% of this total. The average Brit will spend approxim ately 20% of their income on away from home food, with the number having increased steadily over the past 5 years (Katz, 2006 pp140). The reasons for this are an increase in the variety of product, economic climate, and changes in lifestyle. Future Trends and Strategic Opportunities The growth trend predicated is quite positive in long and short term projections. Modern living has created increased demands that have made people be compelled to eat away from their homes. This is predicted to be as high as 35% in the coming six years. The national restaurant

E-shopping and Saudi Consumer Decision Research Proposal

E-shopping and Saudi Consumer Decision - Research Proposal Example There has been an interesting impact on the Saudi consumer decision in purchasing behavior of the e-shopping facilities. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the changes in the purchasing behavior of Saudi consumer due to the e-shopping facilities. The goal of the paper is to discover the different types of changes in the Saudi consumer purchase decisions. In the Saudi countries, in the last 10 years, there has been a large increase in the use of ATM cards and plastic money. More than 90 % of the total consumer payments in the USA are done with the use of debit cards, credit cards, cash cards and ATM cards. Saudi countries are now not so much different from the USA as they are following similar trends. Electronic payment systems and the advent of e-shopping have enabled the consumers to make payments through the internet and make purchases online rather than physically visiting a store. Saudi Arabia is the center of Islamic world and generates major revenues from the export of crude oil and oil related products. Per capita income of the country in 2009 has been 18, 855 US$. A significant portion of the total population is comprised of foreign expatriates and workers. ... Saudi Arabia is the center of the Islamic world since many years and is the largest Arab economy. The taxation rates in the country are very low which encourages many multinationals to locate their offices in the Saudi land. The population mainly comprises of youth with high per capita income. Saudi is also the largest IT center in the region. Research Problems and Questions The problems that will be faced in the research are that the Saudi culture does not allow the women to participate in these types of activities. In Saudi society, the males are the dominant individuals of the family who make most of the purchasing decisions for the family. The women are also involved in the purchasing decision but are limited to household items such as appliances, clothes of children and furniture. Daily usage items and household consumables are also purchased by the women. The culture is also a hindrance for the researchers to reach the women in the households. These are the women who make most of the orders for products online using e-shopping facilities. The questions will not ask about the family details of the individuals as this is not entertained in the Saudi world. 75% of the population is not using the internet, therefore only the 25% using the internet is the choice for the researchers. In the internet using population, only the males would be available for research questions as the society does not line if women answer their personal questions to the researchers. One of the other major problems in the research process is unavailability of historic data. There is no historic data for the consumers' shopping as it has never been recorded. Hence there will be no base to make the comparisons. Most of the research questions are

THE RETAIL GROCERY MARKET Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

THE RETAIL GROCERY MARKET - Essay Example dominate the UK grocery market, accounting for around three quarters of total sales, which IGD values at  £88.2billion  in 2005.   However, this share of total grocery has fallen slightly in recent years as other sectors have grown more quickly. The Convenience sector continues to be a strong driving force behind the overall growth within the UK grocery market.  Ã‚   For every pound spent on food and grocery, consumers now spend 20p in convenience stores and IGD currently values the sector at  £23.9billion, up 4.9% on 2004, which now accounts for a 19.9% share of total grocery. So let’s try to identify the mission objectives and responsibilities of an organisation within its environment. To make our ideas more clear we’ll take a certain retailer, using for instance Tesco Company. Everybody can agree that the main aim of any business is profit earning. Even the relevant definition of â€Å"business† approves that any enterprise or company is created to earn money. Of course, shareholders of any business are its owners and want to get maximum profits. If a company stops producing profits it can be adjudicated a bankrupt. Everybody knows that retail is one of the most competitive economics sector. Shops, marketplaces, boutiques, super- and hypermarkets offer us great choice of different goods and foodstuffs. That’s why if any company has been taking the top positions for almost 10 years, - it is considered as a great success. Britain hypermarket net Tesco is one of such leaders. This company sails one third of all foodstuffs in the country. Tesco can firmly be named as a â€Å"national shop†. Rich, average and poor customers can find the foodstuffs according their wishes and financial abilities. Comfortable location, competitive prices, polite staff, great variety of goods and products, mainly, circumspect development strategy helped Tesco to become a really national shop. Let’s analyze the most important responsibilities, among which the main is

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

International marketing - Essay Example The primary objectives of the organization, as per the website of the organization are to provide support and advice, notify interested businesses of overseas investment opportunities and to provide assistance in exporting goods. These objectives are moved further by the activities of the organization which include trade exhibitions of Australian goods around the world, locating and screening on business partners internationally and by the provision of research data on the viability of other markets. These support services are established through the governmental planning of exports and through the export network which Austrade has in place (Austrade, 2007). The primary purposed of Austrade is to provide information and one of the easiest methods available to a small business while seeking information is to use the internet (Levy and Powell, 1998). Austrade certainly does not disappoint in this case since even a brief overview of their website presents a wealth of information for anyone who seeks to conduct business outside Australia. For example, the website provides detailed information about countries where Austrade operates and it is easy to see that the data about these countries can be very helpful for an exporter looking to sell Australian products abroad. For any exporter who is just coming into the export business, a service such as TradeStart becomes invaluable. This is a network of offices which are spread across the country and assist local businesses with free services under the New Exporter Development Program. Primarily, these services consist of advice and information about the product requirements from different countries and how the product can be sold to another nation. The network also provides on the ground assistance in foreign lands where Australian businesses may not have a level of familiarity or local expertise (Austrade, 2007). As reported by Bartlett &

The BISM Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The BISM Case - Essay Example A: The research clearly points out to the needs and attitude of modern day office staff – they want to work in a team environment and at the same time they want a bit of privacy for increased concentration on the job. The essential change in hierarchical to cross-departmental process thinking lies in two important factors namely, a) work execution at lowest possible levels and b) informality in cross-departmental consultations without going through bureaucratic procedures – these indicate productivity at the individual level and teamwork at company-wide, rather than departmental level. These two factors impact the way a modern office and its furniture/equipment are designed. For companies like Knoll, this change in an office environment means a very significant change in the way its products are designed and marketed. Failing to realize such changing demands would mean losing market to better-designed products. A: The five productivity factors revealed in the research work, point to the need for self-contained workstations that offer personalized space, the flexibility of movement and at the same time, a sense of participation in a team atmosphere. Work itself is to be executed with the state-of-the-art computer technology. Furniture and workstation are to be integral to each other. While designing the workstation, care will be taken to understand the space needed for the specific electronic equipment like telephones, computers and peripheral items like printers and stationery items. Equally important will be the free tablespace that is required for off-computer work, using traditional paper and pen/pencil. In other words, the integrity of design with work requirements will be of prime importance. Work requirement may change from time to time and this may involve regrouping of staff to execute a specific project.

Cause and effect on the Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision Essay

Cause and effect on the Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision - Essay Example The reasoning behind the Supreme Court decision on the Dred Scott Case is complex. The ultimate conclusion was that African Americans (Born abroad or in the USA) by nature of their heritage and race were not Citizens nor could they become Citizens and ultimately, were not protected by the Constitution. As such it was the case that slaves could not sue in court by nature of their citizenship rights, Moreover it was also decided that the American Congress didn’t have the ability to prohibit slavery and as such they could not be confiscated without some sort of due-process. The background of the case is stored. According to Watson.org (1998) Scott was a slave, born in Virginia around the turn of the 19th century and was owned by Dr. John Emerson (An Army doctor who frequently traveled). At some time during Emerson’s travels he brought Scott to several free-states for a period exceeding seven years. After the Death of Emerson, Scott claimed ill treatment by Emerson’s wife (Eliza) who denied his right to purchaser his freedom. Scot brought forward a case stating that he was free by virtue of his living in Free States and by his willingness to purchase his freedom. From the perspective of economic causes and effects of the Supreme Court decision on the Dred Scot case there are a number of factors at play. ... dollars were living in the USA around this time. This factor would weigh heavily on the decision makers. Ultimately as an effect, if the court ruling had gone another direction it would open the door to probably an endless supply of slaves bringing cases There were a number of social causes and effects pertaining to this court ruling. Even though there was a strong abolitionist movement it remained the case that blacks were regarded as beneath all whites. According to PBS (2011) it was the case that under the interpretation of the Constitution by Chief Justice Roger Taney (A slavery supporter) it was believed that blacks had no rights that white men were obliged to respect. Moreover because blacks had no rights and were as such beneath white men than blacks may be enslaved for the benefit of whites and can be treated as a piece of property. Building on this previous point, it was also argued that even though the Declaration of Independence stated that â€Å"All men are created equal † it was argued that the African race was never intended to be included as they had played no part in framing the declaration. As a result of this court decision, it is likely that this drove a greater wedge between abolitionists and slavery supporters insofar as the poorly argued rhetoric of this decision would have enraged most abolitionists. Moreover, the attempt by abolitionists to impose federal rulings on slavery supporters would have likely enraged this group as well. Without question, there were a number of political causes and effects that would have played a significant role in this court case and decision. Although it may seem like an over simplification, states that had abolished slavery were developing economies that could be described as being more

Further Exploration Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Further Exploration Assignment - Essay Example At the same time, women simply accept the fact in most cases, though both genders have some attempts of defining the reasons of their sadness. However, men appear to be more likely to compare themselves with other people and analyze own short-comings, faults, and mistakes in an attempt to get more control over the situation. The same trend is expressed in people’s tendency to think about why they can’t handle things better – men have shown to be more concerned with this issue. At the same time, women are the ones who think more about how sad they feel. This means their feelings of sadness, apathy and worthlessness are stronger than those of men. It also appears that the representatives of both genders are not trying much to make themselves feel better. Most of the men and women don’t try to change the situation by means of doing something fun with a friend or going to a favorite place to distract oneself. However, we all at least try to do something that made us feel better before. To sum up, it appears that the major difference between men’s and women’s ways of experiencing and dealing with depression is in their perception of oneself in contrast with the others. Men are keener on blaming others in their sadness, while women start looking for the problem within themselves. At the same time, both genders show to be rather equally closed and withdrawn from the outer world while in

The Effectiveness Of TV Advertising Essay Example for Free

The Effectiveness Of TV Advertising Essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Television and advertising have conjoined to form a powerful tool for marketing around the World. The growing influence of advertising and the impact of television have been concomitant. The power of advertising on television is indicated by the vast reach of the medium. The commonly quoted example is of World Cup Football Finals, when 2.84 million viewers watched television around the globe on 9 July 2006. In terms of the economy of advertising on television, the market in Canada alone is estimated at $ 5. 6 billion in 2005. The influence of television on students has been significant. Being a visual medium, the tube has the ability to attract even those who may not be particularly proficient with the language in which the program is being aired. The video can captivate the imagination and overcome the barrier of language.   Nanaimo is a small township with a large community of students with a proportionate number of international students which can provide significant inputs on the influence of television advertising on the community. The study thus envisages an examination of television advertisement as an effective medium of communication for influencing students, local and international of Nanaimo, British Columbia despite growth of alternative media such as the internet and mobile phones.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Malaspina University College is the main under graduate college in Nanaimo. This population is felt representative of a wide segment of the overall student universe in Nanaimo and will form a focus in the study. The impact of television advertising on students is based on psycho social factors which are difficult to quantify given the limitations of the study. Thus a realist approach was adopted combining both the positivist and interpretivism to a large extent. The research also had to rely on a large body of secondary sources which has constrained the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not with standing the above factors, there are firm indications to reveal that television continues to be the prime commercial as well as information medium for students. The, â€Å"tube† is the first point of contact and other sources are utilized as add on to supplement the information gained from television. Some of the drawbacks established of television as an advertising medium indicated that it needed repeated attempts to generate a recall in students. This was also supported by the Rand Study on impact of alcohol advertisements on students and young children. This makes spots on television relatively expensive, despite which the medium does have an edge over others amongst students. Thus the study conclusively proved the hypothesis that television advertisement is an effective medium of communication for influencing students, local and international of Nanaimo, British Columbia. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TV ADVERTISING ON STUDENTS IN NANAIMO, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA Introduction Advertising is generally referred to as promotional campaigns used by paying for communication distributed through a mass medium such as television. This marks the key difference between advertising and other forms of marketing such as sales promotion or public relations which do not use mass communications to advantage. (Cable Television, 2006). Advertising is a powerful medium for conveying the message to the target audience and over the years it is gathering importance for commercial, educational as well as social purposes. Television as a medium of advertising has had a long history. There has been intimate linkage between television and advertising since its inception in the 1950’s. While advertising has a long legacy dating back to ancient times, modern advertising has come of age only after the growth of television. The number of people watching television is far greater than all other mediums including new media such as the internet. The total volume of television viewers in Canada can be gauged by the number of people who watched the World Cup Football finals, reported as 2.84 million on 9 July 2006. This indicates the scope and vast reach of television. (Viewers on CTV, 2006). The financial volume of the TV broadcasting market can be seen from the $ 5.6 billion revenue that was generated in Canada in 2005 through this medium. Though this was the smallest year on year increase, yet it is considered significant to be a driver for the television and advertising industry. (Television Broadcasting, 2005). Despite the slow down which has affected all sectors of this segment such as conventional, pay and specialty television, this remains a mass medium of contact. Nanaimo is a small township which comprises of a highly integrated community. The large base of students represent one sixth of the total population. Television as well as other media such as the internet has made very deep inroads in the student community. The effectiveness of television advertising can be easily gauged through its impact on students, both local and international in Nanaimo. Students as a community are open to influence by media as television and to that extent the significance of the study is considerable. (Television Broadcasting, 2005). Problem Statement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The impact of television advertising on students needs deliberate analysis. There is very limited information on this issue, particularly in Nanaimo. As advertisement expenditure by companies has increased considerably definitive parameters to assess the impact of communication on the community of students need to be evolved. The growth of a large number of media such as the internet, mobile phone advertising, SMS and so on has also resulted in a number of channels available for distribution of advertisement content. The student community is progressive, is attuned to the future and can provide an educated and informed response. The trends observed in the student community also enable forecasting in the future. However there is a general tendency to neglect students as they do not represent a substantial marketing block possibly due to lower spending power than others. Given these considerations there is ample scope to analyze the best option for distribution of advertising content to the student community through television. As no major study on the subject is available, it is essential that this be undertaken with particular reference to a small community as Nanaimo, which can be suitably modeled for a larger population at the national and regional levels. The proportionately greater number of international students in Nanaimo also has an impact on effectiveness of advertisements. This issue can also be evaluated in detail as the same has also not received due attention so far.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hypothesis Statement. Television advertisement remains an effective medium of communication for influencing students, local and international of Nanaimo, British Columbia despite growth of alternative media such as the internet and mobile phones. Purpose of the Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study is focused on gauging effectiveness of television advertising on students in Nanaimo, British Columbia. The aim is to assess the impact of advertising on the student community in particular especially in the light of growth of parallel media such as internet, mobile messaging and so on. This study is proposed as a model to demonstrate the effectiveness of television advertising which could possibly be applied across the board to a larger audience. Thus though the focus is limited to Nanaimo, wide spread application is envisaged, in the state or national context as well as to the student community as a whole. This is particularly so as the study is based on research of secondary sources for greater universal applicability. The presence of international students in Nanaimo in sizeable numbers adds another dimension to the study which becomes increasingly relevant as more and more students from different parts of the World come down to Canada for education. Thus Canada is becoming a preferred destination particularly a small town as Nanaimo which offer international atmosphere, is easy to adjust to and is far less intimidating than larger cities and campuses to students from other countries. Thus the study proposes to establish the effectiveness of television advertising on local and international students in Nanaimo. Importance of the Study Television broadcasting market is highly valued. In Canada alone it is said to have generated revenue of $ 5.6 billion in 2005. (Television Broadcasting, 2005). A considerable advertisement amount is spent on television as it is regarded as a visually significant and challenging medium by both advertisers as well as viewers. The student community in particular is dependent on television as a major source of entertainment, education, social and recreational cues. Thus television advertisements targeted at the student community will provide significant benefits to advertisers. This being the prime medium for advertisement spends; correct targeting would result in optimum utilization of allotment for promotion by the companies.   It is also important that the spend is correctly focused to avoid superfluous expenditure as television advertising is expensive. Recognition of the impact on the target audience is thus important. While a nation wide model for the same may be of benefit to the advertisers, it would be cost prohibitive. On the other hand a review of a small student community as in Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, would enable assessment of the impact of television advertising at a very economical cost and can be further applied across the board. Thus the study is considered very important. References    Active Response. 1959. The Active Response Test of Television Commercials. The Marketing and Social Research Newsletter of the Psychological Corporation, Spring, 1959, 4. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.answers.com/topic/advertising. ( 14 July 2006). Bhatia, Tej K. 2000. Advertising in Rural India: Language, Marketing Communication, and Consumerism. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Tokyo Press: Japan. Cable Television. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://advertising.utexas.edu/research/terms/index.htmlCable Television. ( 15 July 2006). Charles F. Keown and Leslie Freundschuh. 1985. Alternative Advertising Formats for Cable Television. Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 8, (1): 175-186. Charles Atkin and Martin Block. 1983. Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsers. Journal of Advertising Research, 23 (February/March): 57-61. H. Sandage. 1993. Roads to Be Taken, Center for the Study of Free Enterprise and Entrepreneurship, Graceland College, Iowa. Charles H. Patti and Charles F. Frazer. 1988. Advertising: A Decision-Making Approach. New York, NY: Dryden Press. Cotugna, N. 2006. The Hidden and Potent Effects of Television Advertising. 2006; 295: 1698-1699. City News. 2003. City News, Vol 1 No 1. January 2003. Core Student Values. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.mala.ca/campusrec/index.aspMalaspina Foundation. ( 14 July 2006). Dean Sharits and H. Bruce Lammers. 1983. Perceived Attributes of Models in Prime- Time and Daytime Television Commercials: A Person Perception Approach. Journal of Marketing Research, 20 (February): 64-73. 2004. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin. 1957. Unveils New Method to Pre-Test TV Commercials. Broadcasting-Telecasting, March 25, 1957, p. 32. Effective Advertising and Promotions Techniques. Nd. Internet WWW page at http://www.sba.gov/gopher/Business-Development/Business-Initiatives-Education-Training/Marketing-Plan/mkt6.txt,. ( 14 July 2006). 16.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fitzgerald, Brian. 2004. Product placement on television: pervasive and effective advertising, say COM profs. Internet WWW page at http://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2004/04-16/placement.htmlWOLV-TV Viewership:. ( 15 July 2006). Food For Thought. 1997. Internet WWW page at http://www97.intel.com/en/ProjectDesign/UnitPlanIndex/FoodForThought/food_form.htm. ( 15 July 2006). Four Techniques. 1952. Four Basic Radio and TV Research Techniques and Their Weaknesses (Fall, 1952), Sponsor, July 14, 1952, p. 206. Halve, Anand. 2005. Advertising : A User’s Manual for Students and Practitioners. London. Sage Publications, Inc Keys to Success, 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.mala.ca/foundation/keystosuccess.asp. ( 14 July 2006). Klein, Naomi. 2000. No Logo . London : Harper Collins. Krugman, Herbert. 1965. The Impact of Television Advertising: Learning Without Involvement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 29 (Fall), 349-56. Leon, Jose Luis. 1996. Los efectos de la publicidad. Barcelona: Ariel, Lynn R. Kahle and Pamela M. Homer. 1985. Physical Attractiveness of the Celebrity Endorser: A Social Adaptation Perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 11 (March): 954-961. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.exchangemagazine.com/XQuarterly/media.html. (16 July 2006). Media Literacy, 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.pbs.org/teachersource/media_lit/getting_started.shtm. (16 July 2006). 1958. The Answer to the Ratings Muddle. Sponsor, February 1, 1958, pp. 30-33. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaimo,_British_Columbia. (16 July 2006). Nanaimo, 2004. Dictionary Definition of Nanaimo The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Mo News Release. 2005. Shaw Communications Announced as First Community Partner for Vancouver Island Conference Centre. Internet WWW page at city.nanaimo.bc.ca. ( 14 July 2006). Thomas O’Guinn, Chris Allen and Richard J Semenik. 2006. Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion with Infotrac. Thomson South – Western. Paul Surgi Speck, David W. Schumann, and Craig Thompson. 1987. Celebrity Endorsements Scripts, Schema and Roles: Theoretical Framework and Preliminary Tests. Advances in Consumer Research, 15: 69-76. 2006. Forging the Link Between Alcohol Advertising and Underage Drinking. Internet WWW page at http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/2006/RAND_RB9073.pdf. (29 July 2006). 2006. 94. A New Ruckus over Ratings Begins Broadcasting, Vol. 54, March 31, 1958, pp. 31-36. Roland T. Rust and Richard W. Oliver. 1994. The Death of Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 23(4): 71-77. 1954. Does Your Commercial Make Them Want to Buy?. Sponsor, October 4, 1954, p. 32. 1958. A New Way to Measure TV Commercial Effectiveness. Sponsor, June 28, 1958, Students, 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.mala.ca/HumanResources/about.asp. ( 14 July 2006). Television Broadcasting. 2005. Internet WWW page at http://www.exchangemagazine.com/XQuarterly/media.html. (16 July 2006). Thoughts About Future. 2001. Faculty of Advertising. University of Texas. At Austin. Internet WWW page at http://www.ciadvertising.org/studies/reports/future/future2.html. (16 July 2006). Towns, 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.vancouverisland.com/regions/towns/?townID=58. ( 14 July 2006). 2003. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.answers.com/topic/advertising. ( 14 July 2006). 1958. Countdown on Anit-TV Blast? Broadcasting, November 3, 1958, p. 38. Viewers on CTV. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.exchangemagazine.com/XQuarterly/media.html. (16 July 2006). Wayne S. DeSarbo and Richard A. Harshman. 1985. Celebrity-Brand Congruence Analysis. Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 8 (1): 17-52. Wernick, Andrew. 1991. Promotional Culture: Advertising, Ideology and Symbolic Expression (Theory, Culture Society S.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Child Labour in the Industrial Revolution | Essay

Child Labour in the Industrial Revolution | Essay Nardinelli (1980; pp.739-55) argues, contrary to popular opinion, that the employment of children in the early Industrial Revolution was not ceased by the Factory Acts of 1833[1] and 1844[2], but rather that the Factory Acts simply speeded up a process that was already underway, in terms of technological changes and increases in family incomes, which meant that child labour was no longer necessary (Nardinelli, 1980; p.739). Using data from school enrolment rates, Nardinelli (1980; p. 751) shows that, following the introduction of the Factory Acts, no difference between school enrolment rates existed between the textile districts and the rest of the country. Nardinelli (1980; p.755) concludes that the textile industry, which used child labour, was only one of the industries that formed the Industrial Revolution, and, indeed, was almost the only industry to use child labour, and that, as such, the issue of child labour and its role in the success of the Industrial Revolution is diminis hed. Verdon (2002; pp.299-323) also discusses child labour, in rural areas, and its relation to women’s employment, family income and the 1834 Poor Law Report. As Verdon (2002; p.299) argues, it is important to take a regional approach to studies of the Industrial Revolution, and its effect on the lives of children throughout the nineteenth century, as child labour levels, family incomes and social class relations varied widely from region to region during the time of the Industrial Revolution. Verdon (2002, p.322) concludes that region, gender and age were all key determinants of labourers’ experience of work in nineteenth century rural areas, with children contributing a substantial proportion of the household income in 1834, across every region. At this time, therefore, rural child labour was an important source of childhood income. How this was affected by the introduction of Factory Acts (which, of course, would not directly have affected rural employment, outside of ur ban factories) is not discussed. Horrell and Humphries (1995; pp. 485-516) look at child labour and the family economy during the Industrial Revolution, using data from household budgets of this period, and found that during the period of early industrialisation, the number of children working and the number of children working in factories increased, and the age at which children started work decreased, due to the fact that older children became economically independent from families at an early age, thus leaving younger siblings to work to increase the household income. Horrell and Humphries (1995; p. 510) conclude that, indeed, during the early Industrial Revolution, little children were exploited, in that there was an â€Å"enormous growth in the employment of children in factories† during this period. Horrell and Humphries (1995; p. 511) show, supplementing the work of Verdon (2002), that there was an â€Å"intensification of child employment in the factory districts† during the early Industrial R evolution and that this was in stark contrast to the under- and unemployment of children in the rural South East during the later Industrial Revolution. In contrast to Nardinelli (1980), Horrell and Humphries (1995; p. 511) conclude that the Factory Acts did have the effect of reducing children’s employment in factories, but that this doesn’t seem to have had any effect on the numbers of children within families who were expected to work, and that â€Å"legislation†¦.may have displaced more girls than boys†, who then, it is hypothesised, moved into domestic service, for example, thus remaining in employment. Horn (1974; pp.779-796) looks at child workers in the pillow lace and straw plait trades in Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire, stating that the cottage industries in the regions outside of the urban centres of the Industrial Revolution (i.e., the towns across Lancashire) provided employment for many female workers, who, otherwise, would have been employed in domestic service. Thus, again, a regional view of child labour during the Industrial Revolution proves important, as this work of Horn (1974) essentially goes against the conclusions of Horrell and Humphries (1995). Horn (1974; p.795) concludes that cottage industries, such as these two industries, gave much-needed supplement to the household incomes of working-class families in these counties, and that similar cottage industries in other rural areas must have had the same effect too. Horn (1974; p. 795) notes that â€Å"the general education of the children (who worked in the cottage industries) was neglected† and the next section will look in further detail at how the education of children changed during the period of the Industrial Revolution. Johnson (1970; pp.96-119) looks at educational policy and social control in early Victorian England, showing that educating the poor seemed to be one of the strongest of early Victorian obsessions, with concern for education figuring largely, for example, as we have seen, in the Factory Act of 1833, and with private institutions, such as the National Society, launching many educational projects during the period 1838 and 1843 (Johnson; p.97). Johnson (1979; p.119) concludes, essentially, however, that the concern for educating the poor as expressed by early Victorian governments was more about controlling the working class population than it was about providing opportunity for the working classes, although issues surrounding what he terms the ‘educational problem’ of this time were hotly debated[3]. Reay (1991; pp.89-129) looks at the context and meaning of popular literacy in nineteenth century rural England, and shows that functional analyses of literacy tell little about the actual educational state of people living and working during the Industrial Revolution (Reay, 1991; p.128) as recorded declines in illiteracy amongst rural child workers, for example, often reflect the acquisition of a new skill, such as writing, rather than a shift towards full literacy. Analyses of signatures and marks are also not particularly useful, argues Reay (1991; p.129) as these can tell us little about the actual literacy level of the signatory, especially, as he argues, for much of the nineteenth century population, reading equalled literacy, in its correct cultural context, such that â€Å"the ability to sign one’s name is, actually, one of the least interesting aspects of literacy† (Reay; 1991; p.129). Snell (1999; pp.122-168) looks at the role Sunday Schools played in the education of working class child labourers during the Industrial Revolution, and shows that Sunday Schools were widespread around both the urban centres of the Industrial Revolution and across the English regions, and that Sunday Schools, essentially, through a religious educational policy, taught many nineteenth century child labourers the value of education, and also about civic responsibility, although often, as Snell (1999; p. 168) notes, â€Å"clerical control was strict and the syllabus narrow†, such that, much as Johnson (1979) argued, at this time, education for working class child labourers was as much about social control as it was about providing opportunity to this section of the population. Thompson’s (1981) paper looks at the issue of social control in Victorian Britain, arguing that social order in Britain was â€Å"subject to strains imposed by the dual processes of urbanisation and industrialisation† (Thompson, 1981; p.189), arguing that social control led to social transformation in Victorian society, throughout the course of the Industrial Revolution, not through legal systems, police forces and the threat of prisons, but through social control (Thompson, 1981; p.207) exercised from within each social class almost as an internal ‘thermostat’ of order, with social organisms such as community being important in defining, adapting and shaping popular culture (Thompson, 1981; p.208). This social control also included controls over relaxation and pleasure, with football, social clubs and music halls arising as a way in which the working classes could find release from their daily grind (Thompson, 1981; p.208). Conclusion This paper has looked at the issues of child labour, home life (in terms of household incomes and household demographics), and education in nineteenth century Britain, showing that successive changes in legislature provided better working conditions for child labourers during the nineteenth century, and that these changes in legislature meant that children were, at least to some extent, better educated towards the end of the period of the Industrial Revolution than they had been at the beginning of this period of history. This education, which, although, as we have seen, seemed to have been designed with the explicit purpose of exerting social control, did push forward some changes to child labour, in terms of shifting work from full-time to half-time, and, as we have seen, shifting the demographics of work, with younger children entering work in order to provide supplemental household income, as the older children of the household, during this period, had a tendency to become indepe ndent more quickly, leaving the household to enter in to domestic service, for example, which left a hole in the household’s purses, which needed to be filled. Education, during the nineteenth century was formulated through the Education Act of 1870, and was provided both by government institutions, as we have seen, and also private and religious organisations, through the Sunday School network, for example. As suggested, there is, perhaps, no consistent way in which to measure the effect of schooling on the literacy levels at the time, except to say that perhaps more children were able to write. It is clear, from the reviews of the articles presented here, that the working class developed as a clear cultural phenomenon, with social control coming from within this class, as a response to community expectations of behaviour. Thus, in sum, child labour was prevalent throughout the nineteenth century, across Industrial Britain (i.e., both in the urban centres and in rural areas) but this labour was, towards the end of the century, better regulated, in conjunction with increasing educational opportunities and standards, which led to the rise of a clear, self-controlling, working class. Bibliography Gordon Baker, The Romantic and Radical Nature of the 1870 Education Act, History of Education, 30,3 (2001), pp.211-232 Pamela Horn, Child Workers in the pillow lace and straw plait trades of Victorian Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire, Historical Journal, 17 (1974), pp.779-96 S.Horrell Jane Humphries, The Exploitation of little children: Child Labour and the family economy in the Industrial Revolution Explorations in Economic History, 32 (1995), pp.485-516 Richard Johnson, Education Policy and Social Control in Early Victorian England, Past and Present, 49 (1970), pp.96-119 Clark Nardinelli, Child Labour and the Factory Acts, Journal of Economic History, 40 (1980), PP.739-55 Barry Reary, The Context and Meaning of popular Literacy: Some Evidence from Nineteenth-Century Rural Ireland, Past Present, 131(1991), pp.89-129 K.D.M. Snell, The Sunday-School Movement in England and Wales: Child Labour, Denominational Control and Working-Class Culture, Past Present, 164 (1999), pp.122-16 F.M.L Thompson, Social Control in Victorian Britain, Economic History Review, 34,2 (1981) pp.189-208 Nicola Verdon, The rural labour market in the early nineteenth century: womens and childrens employment,family income, and the 1834 Poor Law Report, Economic History Review, LV,2 (2002),PP.299-323 Footnotes [1] which limited the employment of children to children over nine years of age (see Nardinelli, 1980). [2] which established the half-time system, whereby children worked half-day and went to school half-day (see Nardinelli, 1980) [3] Baker (2001; pp.211-232), for example, takes Johnson’s (1970) work further, and looks in detail at the 1870 Education Act and the consequences of this Act, in terms of what he terms ‘the distribution of life chances’ (Baker; p.211). Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation: Drug Addiction Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation: Drug Addiction Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation: Implications for Drug Addiction Jayan Samarakoon Abstract This paper looks at the current knowledge and debate surrounding memory reconsolidation. After a brief overview of consolidation and reconsolidation including the associated theories of each process the paper delved into the literature surrounding reconsolidation and critically evaluated research articles which either reinforced or shed doubt onto the physiological mechanisms of reconsolidation. The paper then discussed possible applications of this knowledge in the treatment of drug addiction, in particular the efficacy of blocking NDMA receptors to disrupt reconsolidation. Guidelines for future research concerning human trials were outlined. Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation: Implications for Drug Addiction Memories affect human behaviour (Nader Einarsson, 2010). An understanding of how memories are formed would give insight into the mechanisms that underlie behaviour. This paper will look at the physiological processes that affect memories such as consolidation and reconsolidation in particular the current knowledge and debate surrounding these memory processes. The paper will then delve into how this knowledge could affect psychology, in particular the realm of drug addiction. This will be done by critically evaluating the current literature and outlining areas for future research. Memories are believed to be located in the synapses between neurons of the brain (Nader Einarsson, 2010). New memories change the strength of the synapse which results in an adjustment of the specific memory (Clopath, 2012). Memory is categorised into two forms, short-term and long-term memory. The difference between the two is a process called consolidation which affects information stored in long-term memory via strengthening the neuron pathways affected by the memory called the memory trace (Nader Einarsson, 2010). Consolidation is the process of stabilizing a memory trace after the initial behavioural experience (Dubnau Chiang, 2013). Many different studies have found that several types of interference such as inhibiting protein synthesis, disrupting the function of specific proteins, and brain lesions or trauma can disrupt the process of consolidation (Alberini, 2011). These studies have formed the basis of understanding the different consolidation models. Consolidation consi sts of two distinct processes, synaptic consolidation and system consolidation (Clopath, 2012). Synaptic consolidation involves repeated stimulation of a neuron called long-term potentiation, which results in stable changes at the synapse over time while systems consolidation is a process where memories that are dependant of the hippocampus become independent and move to a separate brain region. Synapses can vary in strength, which is referred to as plasticity (Clopath, 2012). A change in synaptic plasticity can be a short-term change which lasts a few minutes to a long-term change which can last up to a life-time. A long-term change in plasticity is the basic definition of synaptic consolidation. This process allows memory to be consolidation within a single synapse, which cannot be altered by any new memories (Clopath, 2012). Synaptic consolidation usually occurs within the first few minutes to hours after the memory encoding has happened (Dudai, 2004). The physiological conditions that cause synaptic consolidation involve many different processes which result in a physical change of the synapse (Dubnau Chiang, 2013). They include modification and reorganisation of the synapse protein including the membrane receptors. Intracellular signalling proteins such as cAMP and MAPK are recruited to activate cellular remodelling and growth during synaptic consolidation (Dudai, 2004). The standard model of system consolidation posits that memory is dependent on the location of the encoding in the mediotemporal lobe (Dubnau Chiang, 2013). Initial memories are formed in the hippocampus via synaptic consolidation and then over a period of weeks or more the memory trace reorganises so that the retention is maintained by the neocortex and is not dependent on the hippocampus anymore (Dudai, 2004). There are some criticisms with this model of systems consolidation. For starters only declarative memory is processed by the hippocampus and as such this model cannot apply to non-declarative memory. An alternative view is called multiple trace theory. Multiple trace theory proposes that the hippocampus region is always involved in the retention and retrieval of episodic memories and that semantic memory follows the standard model of system consolidation (Dubnau Chiang, 2013). These models of consolidation assume that the process of consolidation occurs just once. This assumption is currently undergoing some criticism and debate on whether it is valid or not. Research has shown that the retrieval of a memory trace can induce a phase where the memory is malleable to change (Tronson Taylor, 2007). One paper proposed that memory was a dynamic process with two different states, an active state where memories both new and reactivated are labile to change and an inactive state where the memories stabilise over time (Nader Einarsson, 2010). Memory reconsolidation is induced by the reactivation of a specific memory (Reichelt Lee, 2013). This reactivation process causes the memory trace to become destabilised into a ‘labile’ state, a state where the memory pathway can be changed. The process to return the destabilised memory into a stable form is called reconsolidation and is dependent on protein synthesis (Reichelt Lee, 2013). Destabilisation occu rs when L-type voltage-gated calcium channels and cannabinoid CB1 receptors are activated, along with synaptic protein degradation in the dorsal hippocampus (Reichelt Lee, 2013). A study examined if it was possible to reactivate a consolidated memory into a labile state and introduce new information (Forcato, Rodrà ­guez, Pedreira, Maldonado, 2010). Participants were asked to learn an association between five cue-syllables and their respective response-syllables. 24 hours later the memory was reactivated and the subjects were given additional information, in this case three extra syllable pairs. The participants were tested on their knowledge the third day. The results showed that the new information was successfully incorporated into the former memory since both sets of syllables were successfully retained in memory when the instruction stated to add the new information to the old memory, unlike the condition where the instruction was omitted. This condition showed evidence that the two sets of information were encoded independently from each other due to interference in retrieval. The study used a verbal reminder (briefly mentioned the previous pairs) to try and trigger reconsolidation. They did not asses if retrieval of the memory actually occurred. One method of bypassing the requirement of assessing if memory retrieval occurred is to design an experiment where the process of memory reconsolidation is interrupted, which should impair memory retrieval at a later date. A study conducted in 2010 successfully demonstrated that if the reactivation of a memory is followed by an emotionally aversive stimulus results in impairment when recalled at a later date (Strange, Kroes, Fan, Dolan, 2010). This study gives evidence that memories can be impaired following their retrieval. Reconsolidation has been found to occur not just in humans but in other animals as well (Robinson Franklin, 2010). A Considerable amount of research exists which indicates that when an animal is reminded of a previously learned experience the memory of that experience undergoes reconsolidation. This is supported by findings which show that treatment with a protein synthesis inhibitor immediately after re-exposing the experience can produce amnesia of the memory itself, due to the fact that recalling a memory triggers reconsolidation which requires the production of new proteins (Cai, Pearce, Chen, Glanzman, 2012). One study looked at how the amnestic drugs propranolol and midazolam would affect reconsolidation in rats (Robinson Franklin, 2010). They did this by exposing the rats to a box which contained both morphine and a saline solution in separate areas. The rats were exposed to this apparatus either four or eight times depending on the experimental condition. Afterwards the ra ts received either no dosage, or an injection of an amnestic drug. The rats were retested two and seven days after the dosage in the four pairings condition and with the eight pairings condition they were tested eight times in 48 hour blocks. The result showed that the amnestic drugs disrupted reconsolidation for weak memories (four pairings condition) and had little effect for strong memories (eight pairings condition). A study conducted by Cammarota, et al. (2009), examined if reconsolidation would occur in an inhibitory avoidance task using rats. The rats were trained in an inhibitory avoidance task and 24 hours later were exposed to the task again. After the exposure the rats were injected with a protein synthesis inhibitor and tested on the avoidance task for the third time. The results revealed that the protein synthesis inhibitor had no effect on memory retention. If reconsolidation had occurred there would have been a change in memory retention. This study used a short time period to measure reconsolidation. In the study conducted by Robinson Franklin (2010), there was evidence that reconsolidation had occurred yet in the study by Cammarota, et al. (2009), there was no evidence of memory reconsolidation occurring. There are two major differences between the two studies which may shed light into the discrepancy regarding the results. The study which showed reconsolidation used many repeated exposures to the memory stimulus and measured the possible effects of reconsolidation over a period of two weeks (Robinson Franklin, 2010), unlike the other study which only had two training sessions (as opposed to four or eight) and tested for any reconsolidation effects within 24 hours of the last training session (Cammarota, Bevilaqua, Medina, Izquierdo, 2009). These findings show evidence that memory reconsolidation may only occur in specific instances, with the two studies giving evidence that training strength and time may be two factors which affect reconsolidation. Research into finding the prerequisites of reconsolidation would be beneficial. One study looked at the limitations or boundaries of memory reconsolidation (Wang, De Oliveira Alvares, Nader, 2009). In the study Wang, et al. (2009) looked at the effects of strong training on fear-associated memory and reconsolidation. The data suggested that when 10 pairings were used instead of one the memory did not undergo reconsolidation until after thirty days have passed. By looking at the molecular mechanisms the researchers found that certain NDMA receptor subunits have to be stimulated in the BLA during reactivation of the memory to begin reconsolidation. They found that strong training could inhibit the activation of the NR2B receptor subunit which resulted in the fear stimulus not triggering reconsolidation. These results suggest that even though reconsolidation exists there are certain prerequisites that have to be met to start the process, such as the strength of the training and the time that has elapsed since encoding. These limitations may be the reason why some studies have not found a reconsolidation effect. These research articles show that reconsolidation is an actual process of memory. Reconsolidation can be the mechanism which enables our memories to be modified or updated since the memory that undergoes the process is activated often in situations which present additional complementary information (Lee, 2009). Since old, well-established memories can undergo reconsolidation there exists the possibility to exploit the destabilisation of the memory and either disrupt or even erase it completely (Milton Everitt, 2010). Therefore reconsolidation could be seen as an adaptive technique which can potentially affect or guide future behaviour. This has many potential applications. Many psychiatric disorders are due to underlying aberrant memories, such as drug addiction (Milton Everitt, 2010). Drug addiction is a chronic and relapsing disorder whereby the main risk of relapse comes from the presentation of environmental cues which have been previously associated with harmful drug use (Font Cunningham, 2012). These cues are memories which can possibly be targeted and changed by memory reconsolidation to influence future behaviour. One study looked at reconsolidation and alcohol dependence in mice (Font Cunningham, 2012). The mice were trained with either a strong or weak conditioning process. The animals were then given an injection of propranolol, a receptor antagonist and tested for memory consolidation a day later. The test found that memory retention was not affected by the antagonist. The study examined the effects of propranolol after the reactivation of the memory therefore the antagonist was introduced after reconsolidation had started. A study that looks at the effects of an antagonist that has been introduced before reconsolidation has started may yield different results. One study looked at drug-associated memories and their relationship with amygdala NMDA receptors (Milton, Lee, Butler, Gardner, Everitt, 2009). They hypothesised that NMDA receptors in particular glutamate receptors within the amygdala are crucial for the consolidation between environmental conditioned stimuli and the effects of addictive drugs, therefore the NMDA receptors must be crucial for the reconsolidation of drug-associated memories (Milton, et al., 2009). The study used a behavioural task that measures the conditioned reinforcing properties of a drug-paired stimulus by first exposing the stimulus, then injecting a NMDA receptor antagonist before a memory reactivation session. They found that the antagonist disrupted drug-associated memory and decreased the conditioned reinforcement effect. This effect lasted four weeks which was the length of the experiment. Although there was a link found when the receptor antagonist was injected before the reactivation session there was n o difference when the drug was introduced after the session which indicates that the receptor may only have a limited role in reconsolidation. These results suggest that controlling the glutamate levels at the NMDA receptor may be useful in preventing relapses although further research has to be done, particularly on the actual effect of NDMA receptors on reconsolidation and the length this effect lasts for. In summary the current knowledge of reconsolidation is quite sufficient to have an impact in psychological applications such as treating drug addiction. Knowledge about the specific physiological mechanisms of reconsolidation from animal studies is a good foundation to advance towards human experiments. Further research into the specific physiological mechanisms which underlie reconsolidation would help create effective treatment plans as would moving from animal studies to human trials. References Alberini, C. M. (2011). The role of reconsolidation and the dynamic process of long-term memory formation and storage. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 5, 12. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00012 Cai, D., Pearce, K., Chen, S., Glanzman, DavidL. (2012). Reconsolidation of long-term memory in Aplysia. Current Biology, 22(19), 1783-1788. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.038 Cammarota, M., Bevilaqua, L. R. M., Medina, J. H., Izquierdo, I. (2009). Retrieval does not induce reconsolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory. Learning Memory, 11(5), 572-578. doi:10.1101/lm.76804 Clopath, C. (2012). Synaptic consolidation: an approach to long-term learning. Cognitive Neurodynamics, 6(3), 251-257. doi:10.1007/s11571-011-9177-6 Dubnau, J., Chiang, A.-S. (2013). Systems memory consolidation in Drosophila. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23(1), 84-91. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2012.09.006 Dudai, Y. (2004). The neurobiology of consolidations, or, how stable is the engram? Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 51-86. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142050 Font, L., Cunningham, C. L. (2012). Post-retrieval propranolol treatment does not modulate reconsolidation or extinction of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 101(2), 222-230. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.009 Forcato, C., Rodrà ­guez, M. L. C., Pedreira, M. E., Maldonado, H. (2010). Reconsolidation in humans opens up declarative memory to the entrance of new information. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 93(1), 77-84. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.08.006 Lee, J. L. C. (2009). Reconsolidation: maintaining memory relevance. Trends in Neurosciences, 32(8), 413-420. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.002 Milton, A. L., Everitt, B. J. (2010). The psychological and neurochemical mechanisms of drug memory reconsolidation: implications for the treatment of addiction. The European journal of neuroscience, 31(12), 2308. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07249.x Milton, A. L., Lee, J. L., Butler, V. J., Gardner, R., Everitt, B. J. (2009). Intra-amygdala and systemic antagonism of NMDA receptors prevents the reconsolidation of drug-associated memory and impairs subsequently both novel and previously acquired drug-seeking behaviors. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(33), 8230-8237. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1723-08.2008 Nader, K., Einarsson, E. Ãâ€". (2010). Memory reconsolidation: an update. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1191(1), 27-41. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05443.x Reichelt, A. C., Lee, J. L. C. (2013). Memory reconsolidation in aversive and appetitive settings. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 7, 118. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00118. Robinson, M. J. F., Franklin, K. B. J. (2010). Reconsolidation of a morphine place preference: Impact of the strength and age of memory on disruption by propranolol and midazolam. Behavioural Brain Research, 213(2), 201-207. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.04.056 Strange, B. A., Kroes, M. C. W., Fan, J. E., Dolan, R. J. (2010). Emotion causes targeted forgetting of established memories. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 4, 175. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00175 Tronson, N. C., Taylor, J. R. (2007). Molecular mechanisms of memory reconsolidation. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 8(4), 262-275. doi:10.1038/nrn2090 Wang, S.-h., De Oliveira Alvares, L., Nader, K. (2009). Cellular and systems mechanisms of memory strength as a constraint on auditory fear reconsolidation. Nature Neuroscience, 12(7), 905-912. doi:10.1038/nn.2350

Technology plays a major role in modern life

Technology plays a major role in modern life Introduction: Technology plays a major role in modern life that affects all the aspect of human activities. Therefore our societies get a lot of benefits from modern technology. Universities and colleges for example have so many facilities. Such as labs with sophisticated computer devices, internet connections with high speed, projectors and smart boards. Using these developed tools can help students in many ways; first, students can study and understand their subjects well when they use audio-visual technology. Second, students may pass their exams online. Third, they can access a lot of resources like libraries, websites, and scientific papers online. These facilities may help students master their subjects, save time, and stay in touch with the new world. History: A Scale chart for using Technology since 1780 to 2011 The History of Computers, and the History of Computers in Education 1780   Early public schools adopt the teacher/manager model with the teacher as the primary manger of instruction and assessment in a single classroom. 1946   First vacuum tube-based computers developed; universities help in computer development effort; technology used in war effort. 1951   Little technology used in schools, primarily TV; baby boom begins with resulting increases in class size; first-generation Univac computer delivered to the US census bureau. 1954   General Electric is the first business to order a computer. Early rock and roll music, based on the rhythm and blues tradition, gains a little in popularity. 1955   IBMs first commercial computer is sold; the cold war results in use of technology in aircraft design and in weapons control. Russia developing the technology for the first spacecraft. 1956   Eisenhower elected president; Elvis Presley records Hound Dog; school overcrowding growing; school dropout rate rapidly declining toward zero; schools still based on the teacher/manager model in individual teacher-controlled classrooms; the cold war continues with technology playing an important role and is intensified when Russia sends up their Sputnik space vehicle to demonstrate their lead in technology. 1958   As cold war continues, National Defense Education Act brings some new money and some new technology into schools, but primarily in vocational education. Mainframe host computers are not widely accepted in schools that are still using the si ngle classroom, teacher/manager method of delivering information to students. 1959   Transistor-based computers in use; the cold war continues with public support for the development of technology needed for space exploration. 1960   COBOL business-oriented, high-level programming language created; Kennedy elected president with campaign promises to put more money into education; crime rate doubles in one decade; Gary Powers shot down in hi-tech spy airplane; 70,000 invo lved in civil-rights sit-ins. 1962   Airlines begin to use a computerized reservation system. President Kennedy diverts more money into education. The cold war continues and results in a confrontation with Russia as hi-tech spy planes discover missiles in Cuba; George Wallace campaigns for governor of Georgia pledging segregation forever. 1963   Vocational Education Act passes with new money supporting the use of technology in schools; however, the mainframe and minicomputers in use at this time are using batch processing methods that do not fit well with the single teacher-as-manag er-of-learning methods in use in most schools; BASIC, a simple high-level programming language is developed, mostly for use in universities to train programmers; IBM 360 family of computers is developed; most computers still using host methods with punche d cards as the primary input device; line printers are still the primary output device; the cold war and the competitive space exploration effort continues with President Kennedys call for the science to be developed that could put a man on the moon. 1964   Johnson elected president; the Beatles rapidly rise to stardom; Bob Dylan writes songs that give voice to the protest movement; the Gulf of Tonkin incident results in the first confrontation between the US and the government of North Vietnam ; the civil rights movement grows including a one-day civil-right protest absence of 464,000 students in New York; China explodes a test Atomic bomb. 1965   Elementary and Secondary Education Act brings new money into schools for technology. mainframes and minicomputers are put into place in some schools, but most are used for administration or for school counseling (databases for information a bout and for students); the cold war continues as President Johnson expands the war, with 125,000 American troops in Vietnam; ; hi-tech weapons are used in bombings of North Vietnam; 50,000 Americans killed in traffic accidents. 1967   High-level programming languages such as Fortran are being taught are in universities. School vocational training programs begin to include computer maintenance; Stokely Carmichael declares a need for SNCC to move from civil rights to black power; Mohammed Ali refuses army induction for religious reasons bringing national attention to both the black power movement and the anti-Vietnam movement; student strikes on many campuses related to protest over both civil rights and the policy in Viet nam; acid rock and protest rock grow in popularity; centers of dissidence like Haight-Ashbury in San Francisco develop; anti-war protests grow, especially on college campuses; 380,000 US troops in Vietnam. 1968   Nixon elected president; riots in many cities break out over civil rights issues; the cold war continues with a rapid expansion of the war in Vietnam 9,419 dead in Vietnam; some programs designed to bring money for technology into schools ar e canceled; host computers are not widely adopted in schools because they are seen as appropriate for use with the teacher/manager model of learning (they dont fit into the single classroom, but instead are accessed remotely by sending batches of data).   1969   Neil Armstrong arrives on the moon; the Woodstock rock concert in upstate New York draws hundreds of thousands; the cold war and the war in Vietnam continues; many students, religious leaders, civil rights leaders, and ordinary citizens begi n to speak out against the war in Vietnam.   1970   Pascal created; the US bombs Cambodia; Kent State antiwar students killed by Army reserve troops; mainframes and minicomputers in use in some schools, but very little use in the delivery of instruction. 1971   Intels first microprocessor developed; the first microcomputers (PCs) are developed; mainframes and minicomputers are in wide use in business; a few software companies begin to develop mainframe and minicomputer- based instructional program s; 18-year old given the vote.   1972   Five men working for President Nixons re-election caught in the Democratic partys headquarters in the Watergate hotel complex; Nixon re-elected president and orders the bombing of North Vietnam. 1974   President Nixon resigns and is given a full pardon by his successor, President Ford; a gasoline embargo creates lines at gas stations; Patty Hurst kidnapped; Hank Aaron breaks Babe Ruths lifetime home run record; Apple I computer is sold in kit form. 1975   Some Apple 1 PCs are donated to schools; some schools have adopted mainframes and minicomputers and refuse to consider PCs; four Nixon administration official convicted in Watergate cover up; The war in Vietnam ends and the government of Nor th Vietnam invades and takes over South Vietnam. 1976   Carter elected president; the cold war continues; Iraq holds hostages, rampant inflation; the Apple I computer gains popularity in small business. 1979   15 Million PCs estimated to be in use worldwide; PC-based spreadsheets developed, mainframes and minicomputers still in wide use. 1980   Reagon elected President, the cold war continues with Reagon declaring Russia to be the evil empire; the TI 99 which uses a television screen as the monitor is the worlds most popular PC. 1981   IBM is the first mainframe manufacturer to develop a PC; drill and practice CAI gains acceptance in schools; the cold war continues. The first educational drill and practice programs are developed for personal computers. 1983   IBM PC clones proliferate; Sperry Corporation is the second mainframe manufacturer to develop a PC (actually developed by Mitsubishi in Japan); the Apple II computer finds widespread acceptance in education because PCs better fit the teacher /manager model of instructional delivery (PCs can be used to support the ongoing teaching in the single classroom). Simple simulation programs are developed for personal computers. 1984   Reagon re-elected; 31 states use 13,000 PCs for career guidance, but there are still relatively few computers in classrooms; the Apple Macintosh computer is developed; computer-based tutorials and learning games are developed by commercial software manufacturers.   1986   25 % of high schools use PCs for college and career guidance, K-8 schools buying mostly Apple II and Macintosh computers, high schools buying mostly DOS-based clones. 1988   Bush elected President; 60 % of all workers in the US use computers, laptops are developed; Gorbachoff proposes an end to the cold war;. 1990   Multimedia PCs are developed; schools are using videodiscs; object-oriented multimedia authoring tools are in wide use; Simulations, educational databases and other types of CAI programs are being delivered on CD-ROM disks, many with animati on and sound; the US crime increases dramatically; the cold war ends. 1992   Clinton elected President; for the first time, police and prison budgets begin to surpass education budgets; schools are using Gopher servers to provide students with on-line information. 1994   Digital video, virtual reality, and 3-D systems capture the attention of many, but fewer multimedia PCs than basic business PCs are sold; object-oriented authoring systems such as HyperCard, Hyperstudio, and Authorware grow in popularity in schools; most US classrooms now have at least one PC available for instructional delivery, but not all teachers have access to a computer for instructional preparation. 1995   The Internet and the world wide web began to catch on as businesses, schools, and individuals create web pages; most CAI is delivered on CD-ROM disks and is growing in popularity. 1996   The Internet is widely discussed as businesses begin to provide services and advertising using web pages. New graphics and multimedia tools are developed for the delivery of information and instruction using the Internet; many schools are rewiring for Internet access; a few schools install web servers and provide faculty with a way to create instructional web pages. 1997-2007   The growth of the internet expands far faster than most predicted. It soon becomes the worlds largest database of information, graphics, and streaming video making it an invaluable resource for educators; but marketing-oriented web pages, computer viruses hidden within downloadable programs and/or graphics, and spam (widely disseminated email-based sales pitches) threaten its usefullness. Search engines such as Google and Yahoo constantly develop new ways to find information within the ever-growing number of web pages. Web sites that offer individuals a place to put personal information become popular, as does internet-based publishing and discussion forums. Voice recognition slowly enters the computing mainstream, but its development is slowed by an unacceptable frequency of errors. Some computers incorporate TV input, but it is not as common as many predicted. Educational software becomes more useful and interesting to students as graphics and video are incorporated. Larger computer storage capacity and the growing prevalence of CD-ROM and DVD drives in personal computers make it easier for educators to store large graphic and video and sound files for educational applications.   2008 and beyond I only copied this paragraph just to provide what kind of technology was used and to explain that as much as we have been developed and the technology improved that we didnt reach the end and we will not reach it as will, and this changes will keep going and all of these to make the education more comfortable and to make it easier to study and understand what they are learning to keep going this circular system. What kind of Programs that the students can use it in the universities life and can be used in studying, and projects things The programs are : 7zip : with is using for extracting high compressed files AutoCad : used for drawing without using pencil and papers Adium : used for messaging but using Mac operating system only Amanda : for Network disk Msn Messenger : communication with the students and their instructors Azureus: Peer to Peer programs which is being used mostly in the dorms to exchange files and things like Videos , pictures , etc. SQL : DataBase program Microsoft Office : Excel , Access, Word , PowerPoint and Outlook Audios and Videos Programs https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqD9wC3XQChgfRDvIKlRQ_dHwBTIw-Jo_7dKQXLQD5hndT2sq7jmdLHkwdpZ7-yvZKqtcEerJbt_l55RcXWXBZjGAq8m1XWnEjYne92k_bk9rypN0wLNqbt9bA3doymxiKClXQLVzoIX4/s400/osdm_startup.JPG http://www.limewireworld.info/images/azureus.jpg https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtjIFIR3iyzI-mEeUXCNBKqSQBIC7owNxIv2wBNnEVq43H8FQd1PC_qHzQbDMStPJR2SA_WnPJFqzZlQWe69yDHxNLfZ_ckSMJLcZ2aFpEgVGd2r-yBO4rfHeQ_bIOuZ7333wr0hwbhlY/s1600/Microsoft%20Office%202007.jpg http://www.qortuba.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/msn-mac.jpg Advantages and disadvantages of Technology in Education: The technology facilities that we have today has offered a lot of information and ideas to students, which saves great potential for learning, today we have so many procedures and way to present data and information for different learners whatever their learning style is, and make them benefit from the material. And this doesnt only include the web world and internet, but also includes many technological facilities such as projectors and smart boards. There are some conditions that may prevent some students from getting benefits from the technological facilities during their studies, so they may not be able to have computers or laptops due the socio-economic status, some of the students may live in a place without a computer, some other students might be attending a school in a poor district that doesnt offer more devices or a school that offers limited number of devices, this will lead these students to a disadvantage in learning and practicing the technology, in addition we all know that poor cities have less chances to receive new technological facilities. This new generation depends on computers and technology, we cannot even doubt this. Technology taken a very important role in our studies, but it is very important to know that it can really give some improvement to the traditional methods of learning but it cannot replace it, finally the quality of the class relies on the knowledge of the instructor and not on the technology available. Reference : ( http://www.ehow.com/about_4815039_advantages-disadvantages-technology-education.html ) as technology can be more helpful in the classroom for students and teachers, there is a chance that it might be a source of distraction and confusion for both students and teachers, experts are required to be available in schools and colleges to fix the hardware and software problems because some teachers doesnt have enough knowledge to do that, supporting the purchased technology is necessary to avoid the useless and disadvantage of it. Technology always needs frequent check to avoid the damage. Reference: ( http://www.ehow.com/about_5435887_disadvantages-technology-classroom.html ) It is incredible and useful to use online education because it can be accessed at anytime and from anywhere, and this advantage allows the students to give time for their daily lives while concentrating in their learning objectives. Traditional methods of learning have more specific places and specific times. Online classrooms are very convenient in connecting students to each other and to their instructors, so that they can meet at anytime of the day or night with no difficulties. In opposite communication and interaction in physical classrooms can occur only during classroom hours.

Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America: An Analysis of its Characteristics and Efficacy :: Essays Papers

Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America: An Analysis of its Characteristics and Efficacy INTRODUCTION Foreign Direct Investment, or FDI, is defined as â€Å"an investment made by a foreign person or organization in a particular country† (http://www.encarta.com). In the 1990s, FDI became integral to the growth of Latin America. Traditionally, flows of FDI have constituted a small percentage of the resources flowing to developing countries (UNESCAP, 162). However, this characteristic changed in the 1990s when the share of FDI to developing nations rose from 12.7% in1990 to 41.5% in 1997. Proponents of FDI, point to its ability to foster technological innovation in the host country as well as its tendency to increase employment. Critics of FDI claim that it has increased lesser-developed nations’ dependence on foreign capital pushing them further into debt. In this paper I plan to explore both sides of this issue as well as the particular characteristics of FDI flows into Latin America. FDI: GOOD? The theory behind attracting FDI in developing countries is quite simple. Supposedly, FDI facilitates technological transfer and encourages more efficient management practices (Fernandez, 12). This assumption is based upon the classical economic theory that with technological transfer and innovation, these advances will filter into other areas of the economy. This is known as â€Å"spillover effects†. Foreign Direct Investment generates employment in the short-term by inundating the market with financial capital that must be maintained through labor. This can counteract the impact of the regular business cycle on the labor market (UNESCAP, 184). FDI can also improve the productivity of the rest of the economy. This has been especially true when FDI has been applied to the privatization of previously state-owned public enterprises. The result is greater efficiency and greater supply of services and products (UNESCAP, 185). During the 1990s, many state-owned enterprises were privatized, resulting in the generation of massive amounts of financial capital. The largest such takeover was that of Aueropuertos Argentina by firms from the United States and Italy worth a total of $5,134 million (USD) (UNESCAP, 175). FDI: BAD? Firms invest in other countries in the interest of gaining a stable long-term role in the management of the enterprise where the funds are invested (UNESCAP, 162). Therefore, FDI can imply long-term foreign ownership and control over domestic firms.

The Complex Character of Iago of Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othell

The Complex Character of Iago of Othello      Ã‚   Iago can be clearly characterized as the villain in Shakespeare’s Othello.   The notion of the "honest" Iago does at times appear not to be a misnomer.   In this essay I shall attempt to explore the complexities contained within the character of Iago.    One of the most interesting questions that crops up is the one concerning Iago’s motives. What are his reasons to kill every major Venetian in Cyprus? Shakespeare seemingly sets the stage for Iago’s actions, giving him two distinct reasons to avenge Othello. The first is the fact that Othello promotes Cassio, an "arithmetician" to the rank of lieutenant and passes over Iago who is but a sergeant. Secondly, Iago is suspicious of his wife, Emilia and thinks she is sleeping with every other man but him—including Othello. There are other reasons that Iago talks about in his soliloquies—the primary one being jealousy or "the green-eyed monster." Iago resents the love that Othello and Desdemona share and also takes offence at the fact that Othello is older, yet he has a young and beautiful wife, power, and respect, all that Iago desires. However, all these reasons seem to be false and made-up just for the sake of being excuses for his malice or perhaps they seem to sum up a sense of paranoia. Furthermore he uses these reasons to convince Roderigo to hate Othello. The real motive seems but a slip on Iago’s part w... ... Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991. Di Yanni, Robert. â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p.: Random House, 1986. Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Shakespeare. Othello. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. Rossi. New York: Longman, 1999. 312-379. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.   

Booker T :: essays research papers

BOOKER T WASHINGTON *V* WEB DUBOIS For more than a hundred years important Black leaders such as: Douglass, Elliot, Washington, and Du Bois have been both praised and sensationalized in our (Black) history books for their individual efforts in the struggle for the civil and political advancement of Black Americans; but among all others the two most â€Å"talked† about during that period would have to be Booker T. Washington and his fellow activist and most verbal critic W.E.B. DuBois. Although during the span of their prospective careers both have worked diligently to secure a place for Black Americans in society, agreeing in context with each others hope for the future, in methodology at least their difference of opinion as to the way to go about achieving that goal varied in as many ways as from star to star varies in its positioning in the universe. Both valued and villainized during his time for his controversial proposal on the unification of Black and White America, civil rights activist Booker T. Washington came to be known as a force to be reckoned with after the presentation of his address at the â€Å"Atlanta Exposition† in 1895. In his proposal, under the guise of wanting to say something meaningful that would unite the races, Washington encouraged Black Americans to: 1.settle for low level industrialized education, thereby focusing on the maintenance of the cotton gin instead of the magnitude of their learning potential, 2. Reconcile with the South in a grandiose gesture of forgiveness, which is in my opinion never the less over shadowed by the hundreds of ropes still decorating Worts II the branches of old southern oaks and dogwoods, and 3. Submit to the loss of all aspirations toward acquiring civil and political rights, therefore with that move relinquishing all hope of ever being anything more than they already were. In proposing that blacks initiate this type of voluntary subservience Washington thought that with time and hard work Blacks could build their futures through the accumulation of commerce and with the patronization of private owned businesses in their communities gradually acquiring the basic civil and political appendages owed them. He felt that it was more important to be able to earn a living then to be able to say that they were equal under the law; in other words a jobless man who is able to vote does nothing to contribute to the good of society if he is unable to first contribute to the preservation of his own well being.